Buddhism and Taoism a Comparison of Beliefs, Theories,...

The belief in some higher presence, other than our own, has existed since man can recollect. Religion was established from this belief, and it can survive and flourish because of this belief. In Chinese history, Taoism and Buddhism are two great philosophical and religious traditions along with Confucianism. Taoism, originated in China around the sixth century BCE and Buddhism, came to China from India around the second century of the Common Era, Together have shaped Chinese life and thought for nearly twenty-five hundred years. One dominant concept in Taoism and Buddhism is the belief in some form of reincarnation. The idea that life does not end when one dies is an integral part of these religions and the culture of the Chinese people.†¦show more content†¦Buddhists believe both life and death is an illusion, and that believing in this illusion, or Maya, causes suffering; if we can detach ourselves from Maya, then we wont cling to life, nor have any fear of death. In the w ritings of The Tao Te Ching, Tao is described as having existed before heaven and earth. Tao is formless, stands alone without change and reaches everywhere without harm. The Taoist is told to use the light that is inside to revert to the natural clearness of sight. By divesting oneself of all external distractions and desires, only then can one achieve Tao. In ancient days a Taoist that had transcended birth and death, achieved Tao, was said to have cut the Thread of Life (Schipper, 1978). The soul, or spirit, is Taoism does not die at death. The soul is not reborn it migrates to another life. This process, the Taoist version of reincarnation, is repeated until Tao is achieved. The following translation from The Tao Te Ching best summarizes the theory behind Tao and how a Taoist can achieve Tao. The Great Way is very smooth, but the people love the by-paths . . . The wearing of gay embroidered robes, the carrying of sharp swords, fastidiousness in food and drink, superabundance of property and wealth: - this I call flaunting robbery; most assuredly it is not Tao . . . He who acts in accordance with Tao, becomes one with Tao . . . Being akin to Heaven, he possesses Tao. Possessed of Tao, he endures forever . . . BeingShow MoreRelatedTaoism Buddhism2406 Words   |  10 Pagespresent in you. You can use it anyway you want. br~Lao-tzu br brTaoism and Buddhism are the two great philosophical and religious traditions that originated in China. Taoism began the sixth century BCE. Buddhism came to China from India around the second century of the Common Era. These two religions have shaped Chinese life and thought for nearly twenty-five hundred years. One dominant concept in Taoism and Buddhism is the belief in some form of reincarnation. The idea that life does not end whenRead MoreChallenges Faced By The Multinational Organizations1396 Words   |  6 Pagesthe report selects the developing country-China and highlights the challenges that the multinational organiz ations can face if they are thinking of expanding in China. NEW TRENDS OF MULTINATIONALS IN CHINA Multinational organizations as per the comparison predominance which distinctive host nation in the skilled, strength of technical skills and in the infrastructure of scientific research, arranges the scientific research association in worldwide, it elevate different nations to exchange and collaborateRead MoreCultural Challenges That Influence Multinational Operations1773 Words   |  8 Pagesthe report selects the developing country-INDIA and highlights the challenges that the multinational organizations can face if they are thinking of expanding in INDIA. 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The main branches of ethics are meta-ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. Meta-ethics concerns the nature of ethical thought, comparison of various ethical systems, whether there are absolute ethical truths, and how such truths could beRead MoreComparative Study of Pakistan Chinese Cultures13385 Words   |  54 Pagestolerated so long as inappropriate speech or physical contact is avoided. But clearly, they do things differently and regulate male – female social we look back in time to other â€Å" cultures † than our own. we live, rules that regulate our everyday practices and activities without our thinking about In Saudi Arabia most men who are part of the extended Saudi families that rule the them or noticing them. Culture becomes visible when we travel between â€Å" cultures † and when Culture in this sense is the

School Profile Davenport University Essay - 1024 Words

School Profile: Davenport University Davenport University is a private , not-for-profit university that offers multiple locations through the state of Michigan. The main campus is located near the city of Grand Rapids, Michigan and offers students residence halls, athletic programs and student organizations. Davenport University also has an excellent online degree program. Davenport University was founded in 1866 and only offered a limited number of degrees. Today, Davenport University offers online and on-campus diplomas, Associate s, Bachelor s and Master s degrees. They also offer post-grad certification programs in business, technology and health care. There are around 13,000 enrolled students spread throughout the 11 campuses. The goal of Davenport University is to establish a reputation as a higher learning institution that offers quality programming and experiences. They are committed to improving teaching levels, preparing graduates for employment and transforming local communities. The university s official values include serving with quality, which means that nurture students and focus on continuous quality improvement, and trustworthiness, which means that they demonstrate loyalty and maintain confidentiality. They maintain accountability though soliciting and providing feedback and they promote creativity through encouraging students to share new ideas and participate in community programs. The average student age is 21 and over 60 percent of students areShow MoreRelatedSchool Profile : Crown College Essay1023 Words   |  5 PagesSchool Profile: Crown College Crown College started in 1916 as a humble educational institution that was focused on preparing spiritual students to serve and influence the country and world. Crown College is Christian-based, so the campus is alive with religious prayers, services, ministries and supportive program. 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Indian Cuisine Free Essays

string(43) " ingredients as they are freely available\." Indian Cuisine Think of India and one of the first things that come to mind is its diversity. A large populous country divided into many states; each with its own unique traditions and gastronomic fare. Indian cooking is one of the most popular cuisines across the globe. We will write a custom essay sample on Indian Cuisine or any similar topic only for you Order Now Not only is it popular among the large Indian diaspora but also among the mainstream population of North America and Europe. For the uninitiated, Indian food may seem foreign, scary, spicy and not for the faint of heart. This paper aims to explore many of the facets that make up Indian cuisine and hopefully allay any misconceptions or fears that may exist. The chapters are categorized under the following sections: 1. The Evolution of Indian Cooking 2. Geographical Variation 3. Dietary Customs in India 4. The Story of Spices 5. Curry: What is it? 6. Indian Dining Etiquette The Evolution Of Indian Cooking Indian cuisine derives from a 4000 year timeline. It has significantly evolved as a result of the various influences introduced into the country by many travelers and rulers. Despite this evolution, it has not lost its original identity, but rather became richer with the assimilation of theses varied influences. The following historical timeline (Bhattacharya, n. d. ) of how Indian gastronomy evolved will help shape our understanding and appreciation of this cooking style. 2000 BC and earlier. Most people believe that the origins of Indian history, and therefore the cuisine, dates back to Mohenjedaro and Harrapan civilizations. It is understood that the Ayurvedic tradition of cooking, which is a complete holistic approach to cooking, evolved at this point in time. In Vedic times, a normal diet consisted of fruit, vegetables, meat, grain, dairy products and honey. Over time, some segments of the population embraced vegetarianism due to the ancient Hindu philosophy of ahimsa. 1000 BC. At this point we see the first influx of outsiders into the country. The Mohenjodaro people are believed to have been pushed to southern India and the cuisine there is still largely vegetarian. The roots of Hinduism are shaped at this point along with the Vedas and the Mahabharata. The caste system is developed dividing eating habits broadly by caste. For example; the Brahmins were mostly vegetarians while the Kshatriyas were meat eaters. 400 BC: This period saw the development of Buddhism outside India which resulted in the migration of people as well as their food and dietary requirements. 1200 AD: This period saw several north Indian dynasties rule and became known as the Golden Age of Indian Art. There were several travelers who visited India and were responsible for the introduction of tea. However, from a culinary perspective there are still no significant external influences brought into the country. 1200-1800AD: During the reign of the Moghuls we see the emergence of Moglai cuisine. It’s this type of cooking that people now associate with India. The cooking style is characterized by the addition of several seasonings like saffron and nuts. The influx of European influences into parts of southern India, such as Kerala, resulted in the beginning of the Syrian Christian cuisine. 1800 – 1947 AD: The age of British colonial rule saw the start of the English love affair with Indian food. It was hardly a glorified period in Indian history, but the British loved the elaborate way of eating and adapted several of the food choices to their taste. They developed the curry as a simple spice to help them cook Indian meals. Geographical Variation The cuisines of India are as richly diverse and varied as its culture, ethnic makeup and geography. According to Sarakar (n. d. ), the common characteristic of all Indian cooking is the tremendous use and blending of a variety of wonderfully exotic spices. As a land that has experienced extensive immigration and intermingling over the centuries, India’s cuisine has benefited from numerous food influences. The diverse climate which ranges from tropical to alpine has also helped broaden the set of ingredients available for cooking. Northern India North Indian cuisine is distinguished by a proportionally high use of dairy products. The tawa, or griddle, is used extensively for baking flat breads like roti and paratha. A tandoor oven is also frequently used to cook main courses like chicken. Goat and lamb are favored ingredients of many northern Indian recipes. The samosa, a common appetizer on all Indian restaurant menus, has its roots in northern India. The staple food of most of north Indians are a variety of lentils, vegetables, and roti. Common north Indian foods such as kebabs and meat dishes originated with the Muslim incursions into the country. The influence of Europeans is also apparent with the creation of new dishes like chicken tikka masala which is actually a British invention during colonial times. Eastern India In the eastern part of India there is a large Oriental influence resulting from an influx of movement from Tibet and Nepal. All of these influences helped form the dietary customs in eastern India. Popular food is this region is a unique blend of vegetarian meals prepared in the traditional Chinese cooking style. Rice and fish are the staple foods because most of the towns and fishing villages are located on the coast. Southern India Southern Indian cuisine is distinguished by a greater emphasis on rice and the liberal use of coconut, coconut oil and curry leaves. Before Christianity came to India in the early 52 AD, Kerala was strictly vegetarian as regulated by Hinduism. However, after the visit of St. Thomas, Christianity quickly spread throughout Kerala and thus the diet evolved to also include meat. Western India The geography of the landscape and the culture of the people definitely influenced the region’s cuisine. Rajasthan and Gujarat have hot, dry climates so the relatively smaller varieties of vegetables available are preserved as pickles and chutneys. Culturally these states are largely Hindu and vegetarian. Peanuts and coconut are prominent ingredients as they are freely available. You read "Indian Cuisine" in category "Papers" Goa, with its lush green coastline, has an abundance of fresh fish and seafood. Local dishes like Vindaloo are testament to the fact that Goa was a Portuguese colony until the 1960s. This region probably has the most diverse styles of food in India. Food from the Rajasthan area is spicy and largely vegetarian but includes many meat dishes. Gujarat’s cuisine is know for its slightly sweet taste (at least a pinch of sugar is added to most dishes) and is traditionally entirely vegetarian. Dietary customs in India As you would expect from a country as large and diverse as India, there are a variety of different dietary customs. Religion is a significant contributing factor to the diets of Indians. Hinduism is the dominant religion in India making up about 80% of the population while Muslims, Sikhs, Christians and Buddhists make up a sizeable minority. Some religions impose dietary restrictions which prohibit the eating of beef or pork. The most commonly served dishes at Indian dinner parties and public functions tend to comprise of chicken, lamb or fish as this avoids any potential difficulties with restricted diets for meat eaters. Here is a general guide to the dietary customs of the three major religious groups in India: Hindus Most Hindus follow a balanced vegetarian diet. Some do eat meat occasionally but Hindus do not eat beef out of reverence for the cow as a sacred animal. Strict Hindus will also avoid garlic, onions and mushrooms. Mushrooms are thought to promote ignorance, whilst garlic and onions are thought to invoke passion. Muslims Muslims cannot eat pork, lard or any other porcine derivatives. Islam prohibits eating meat that is not slaughtered in the correct Islamic way. Muslims recite the name of God before and after eating, eat with the right hand and find it desirable to always eat in the company of others. Sikhs Sikhs do not believe in ritual killing and are instructed to avoid meat slaughtered in this way. Although in many aspects Sikhism is less prescriptive than some other religions, most Sikhs do not eat beef or pork. Many Sikhs are vegetarian and in observance of such a variety of dietary habits, all food served in Sikh places of worship is vegetarian. Sikhism is probably the only major organized religion which does not encourage fasting as it is viewed as having no spiritual benefit. The Story Of Spices Spices are the jewels of Indian cooking. Their flavors are meant to be savored and should not be overpowered by the burning sensation resulting from the liberal use of hot chilies. Parbhoo (1985) suggests that authentic Indian food should generally not be too hot and recommends that spices be used lavishly in the same way cheese or wine is used in French cuisine. Chilies in themselves have very little flavor but contribute to the dish by providing a sensation of heat which can be regulated to the cook’s preference. Spices have three traditional functions: medicinal, preservative and seasoning. Early Indian literature written in Sanskrit and dating back 3000 years to the Vedic period emphasizes the importance of spices for preserving food. The Ayurveda, an ancient Hindu treatise on medicine, places special emphasis on the medicinal properties of spices. A few of examples of commonly used spices and their additional medicinal benefits are listed below: |Name |Uses in cooking |Medicinal Benefit | |Chilies |Prime ingredient of masalas and provides the heat and |Used to neutralize poison and relieve hypothermia in cases of cholera. | |flavor. | | |Cinnamon |Used for aroma in meat, rice and pickles. Ground cinnamon |Has anti-inflammatory that can lessen joint and muscle pain. | | |used in sweet dishes. | | |Anis Seed |Used in savory dishes to provide flavor. |Used to aid digestion and act as a breath freshener. | |Fenugreek Seeds |Provides a bitter flavor in savory dishes. |Provides relief from coughs, asthma and rheumatism. |Cloves |Used for aromatic qualities in meat and rice dishes. Also |Used as a local anesthetic. | | |an essential ingredient in masalas. | | Curry: What is it? Curry is a generic description used throug hout European and American culture to describe a general variety of spiced dishes. The word curry is an anglicized version of the Tamil word kari. Several articles (Sarkar, n. d. ; Smith, 1998) suggest it is usually understood to mean gravy or sauce, rather than spices. Curry’s popularity in recent decades has spread outward from the Indian subcontinent to figure prominently in international cuisine. While many people think that curry is a particular spice, it is actually a mixture of spices commonly referred to as curry powder. This powder is versatile in both taste and flavor and varies widely depending on the region it comes from. Most people associate curry with a bright yellow color. This color is caused by the spice turmeric that is a common ingredient. However, not all curry powder mixtures contain turmeric and, in fact, curry powders can be as individual as the person making them. Some spices you might find in this mixture include chilies, cinnamon, cardamom, cumin, nutmeg, cloves, coriander, mace, fenugreek, sesame seeds, red pepper, black pepper, poppy seeds, tamarind and saffron. Oftentimes the curry powder mixture recipe is passed down from one generation to the next and is a safely guarded secret. Indian Dining Etiquette Though Indian cooking uses an extensive array of specialized utensils for various purposes, Indians traditionally do not use much cutlery for eating as many foods are best enjoyed when eating with the hand. It is a technique that is clean and easy when done correctly. Cook (2008) suggests the reason for using the hands is that it adds an additional element of enjoyment to the taste because it helps with blending the food. In many parts of India, when eating curry, the gravy must not be allowed to stain your finger only the fingertips. The left hand is not used and kept clean to facilitate the passing of dishes along the table. These variations are further compounded and increased by the diversity of the population India, leading to regional differences in the way people dine. In Janjira’s (2009) article on Indian Dining Etiquette, he explains that in North India it is common to be seated at a dining table to eat. While in south India, especially is Kerala, it is as common to see people sitting down and eating on banana leaves. The entire meal will be placed and served on banana leaves and eaten with the hand. The concept of courses at mealtime does not exist in India. Most Indian homes will serve the food all at once and then keep filling the dishes as dinner progresses. Everything cooked will be made available on the table with the exception of the dessert which will follow once most guests are done eating. While general etiquette rules might suggest that everything should be tried, it is more in theory than in practice and it is perfectly fine to skip something which might not suit your taste. Desserts on the other hand more often than not require the use of utensils. Unlike the western world where dessert may also be followed by coffee or liquor; the serving of the dessert would often indicate that dinner is almost over. Conclusion As evident in the above chapters, Indian cuisine has a long history of being influenced by the unique needs and tastes of its indigenous people, invaders and explorers. The food, cooking techniques and ingredients have evolved based on peoples’ religious needs or influenced by the availability of ingredients across India’s vast and varied landscape. But even after all this; Indian cuisine manages to retain its unique heritage and identity in a global gastronomic landscape that tends to be fickled and faddish. Indian food is enjoyed by commoners and royalty alike and it is hoped that this paper will enlighten the reader and allay any fears or misconceptions that may have previously prevented the sampling of Indian cooking. References Bhattacharya , R (n. d) History of Indian Cooking: A Historical Perspective on Indian Cooking. Retrieved November 25, 2009, from http://www. inmamaskitchen. com/Indian_Cooking/history_Indian_food_cooking. html Cook, S (2008). Indian Eating Etiquette. Retrieved September 28, 2009 from http://www. india-travel-suite101. com/article. cfm/eating_in_indian_style Curry. Retrieved October 15, 2009 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/curry Indian Cuisine – Origins and Indian Culinary History. Retrieved November 10, 2009, from http://www. ndianfoodsco. com/Classes/CulinayHistory. htm Indian Cuisine. Retrieved October 25, 2009, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Indian_cuisine Janjira, M (2009). Indian Dining Etiquette. Retrieved September 22, 2009 from http://www. indianmusings. wordpress. com/2009/02/020indian-dining-etiquette Leong, K (n. d). The Health Benefits of Indian Food. Retrieved October 15, 2009 from http://www. associatedcontent. com/pop_print. shtml? content_ty pe=articlecontent_typeid=1829365 Parbhoo, R. (1985). Indian Coookery for South Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: Printpak Books. Purdue University Online Writing Lab (OWL) (September 30th 2008). APA Formatting and Style Guide. Retrieved November 17, 2009, from http://owl. english. purdue. edu/owl/resource/560/01/ Sarkar, P (n. d). The Cuisine Of East India: An Introduction to Eastern Indian Food. Retrieved September 29, 2009 from http://indianfood. about. com/old/thebasics/p/eastindia. htm Smith, D (1998). Definition and History of Curry. Retrieved September 24, 2009 from http://www. curryhouse. co. uk/faq/define. htm How to cite Indian Cuisine, Papers

Lord Of The Flies Civilization S Control free essay sample

Lord Of The Flies- Civilization S Control Over Man Essay, Research Paper Civilization s Control Over Man The Lord of the Flies shows that, in the absence of civilisation, people lose the sense of being civilized and the dark and barbarous side of themselves surfaces out. This happens to a group of childs stuck on an island. William Golding, the writer of the novel, expresses his sentiment on savageness, an act of inhuman treatment or force, in this book. He makes it rather clear that savageness is an indispensable character of adult male and that it exists in all of all, but civilisation keeps it under control. This has been shown in history legion times, some instances have shown the antonym ; that civilisation can non command them, or it can maintain them in control merely to an extent. We all have the capableness of savagery interior of us. Everyone has gotten in a physical battle before or hit his brother of sister, haven # 8217 ; t you? That is an act of force. So so, you are barbarous, and so am I, and everyone else in this universe, but civilisation keeps us under control but, merely to an extent. If it maintained entire control, one wouldn # 8217 ; t acquire in a battle without something awful go oning to him/her as a penalty. The universe would hold entire peace. But so, how could we hold peace without war? We merely wouldn # 8217 ; t cognize what it is. So, civilisation can t keep maximal control over us. Civilization does keep control, but merely to an extent. It can merely partially command you. One does what he/she wants depending on his/her beliefs, values, and ethical motives. Of class, civilisation does hold ordinances and effects for those who break them, and this is why it maintains control. One would be afraid to perpetrate a offense because he knows he/she might acquire caught and he ll/she ll travel to imprison or worse. But mundane or so on the intelligence, in newspapers, and other beginnings of information, we find studies about self-destructions, slayings, drug and intoxicant usage, and other offenses. This is why it merely maintains command to an extent. No 1 can halt it, non even the jurisprudence. The jurisprudence and civilisation merely command us merely to a certain grade. Towards the terminal of this book, a stone crushes Piggy, one of the chief characters, and breaks the conch, a symbol of civilisation of regulation and order. When he dies, the sense of a civilisation is lost because he is the symbol of ground and civilisation in the book and all that is gone. Piggy kept on reasoning that they are human and nil else. What are we? Humans? Or animate beings? Or barbarians? ( p. 40 ) . He wanted a civilisation to be established throughout their whole stay on the isl and, even while Roger threw stones all around him and so killed him. He was besides the lone 1 at the terminal who still wanted a civilisation. Ralph did desire one, but he kept on burying everything he wanted to state and Piggy ever reminding him. Before Roger killed him, he tried to remind them of how they needed a civilisation and how they acted doltishly and egotistically and how they should act more moderately. â€Å"Which is better- to be a battalion of painted Indians like you are, or to be reasonable like Ralph is? Which is better- to hold regulations and agree, or Hunt and kill? Which is better, jurisprudence and deliverance, or runing and interrupting things up? † ( p. 164 ) . He and Ralph did desire to get down the rudimentss of a civilisation but Jack wanted to run and they couldn’t accomplish anything with merely four people. Ralph, Piggy, Simon, and Samneric didn’t kill anyone or anything and there wasn’t any civilisation to state them non to . Simon died because Jack got so wrapped up in his hunting that anything he saw traveling and didn’t know what it was, he wanted to kill it. Peoples get killed irrespective of the factor whether there is civilisation or non. Peoples strap bombs to themselves or works one someplace and explode them in topographic points with elephantine crowds, killing and/or injuring a batch of people. Civilization does non wholly command these people. They are no afraid of the jurisprudence or they are certain that they will non acquire caught although most of them acquire caught finally. These people are non bound by civilisation. If civilisation keeps us under control and we all have the capableness of savageness to be in us, so how did civilization start in the first topographic point? If the people who started civilisation or its rudimentss were all barbarian, what could hold made them believe of it? They couldn # 8217 ; t start doing regulations because how could they obey them if we still don # 8217 ; T. I really think that Golding believes that civilisation maintains control over adult male up to a magnitude. All of the male childs show a mark of savageness except for a few. They all become barbarous all of a sudden, although when they got at that place they all felt that civilisation still surrounded them, stating them what to make and what non to make. After a piece, that sense or feeling of civilisation was non grasped any longer and most of the male childs turned into barbarians. Still, some of the male childs did hold that sense of civilisation, so that s why I think Golding might hold that sentiment as he shows it in the book. Civilization does keep control over adult male but merely up to a certain point. We all have capableness for savageness in us although some of us might non demo it.