The Anzick Clovis Burial Site in Montana

The Anzick Clovis Burial Site in Montana The Anzick site is a human internment which happened roughly 13,000 years back, some portion of the late Clovis culture, Paleoindian tracker finders who were among the most punctual colonizers of the western side of the equator. The internment in Montana was of a two-year-old kid, covered underneath a whole Clovis period stone toolbox, from harsh centers to completed shot focuses. DNA examination of a part of the young men bones uncovered that he was firmly identified with Native American individuals of Central and South America, as opposed to those of the Canadian and Arctic, supporting the various waves hypothesis of colonization. Proof and Background The Anzick site, once in a while called the Wilsall-Arthur site and assigned as Smithsonian 24PA506, is a human internment site dated to the Clovis time frame, ~10,680 RCYBP. Anzick is situated in a sandstone outcrop on Flathead Creek, around one mile (1.6 kilometers) south of the town of Wilsall in southwestern Montana in the northwestern United States. Covered far below a bone store, the site was likely piece of an antiquated crumbled rock cover. Overlying stores contained an abundance of buffalo bones, perhaps speaking to a bison hop, where creatures were rushed off a bluff and afterward butchered. The Anzick entombment was found in 1969 by two development laborers, who gathered human stays from two people and roughly 90 stone apparatuses, including eight complete fluted Clovis shot focuses, 70 huge bifaces and in any event six complete and incomplete atlatl foreshafts produced using well evolved creature bones. The discoverers detailed that the entirety of the articles were covered in a thick layer of red ocher, a typical entombment practice for Clovis and other Pleistocene tracker finders. DNA Studies In 2014, a DNA investigation of the human stays from Anzick was accounted for in Nature (see Rasmussen et al.). Bone pieces from the Clovis time frame internment were exposed to DNA examination, and the outcomes found that the Anzick youngster was a kid, and he (and in this manner Clovis individuals all in all) is firmly identified with Native American gatherings from Central and South America, yet not to later relocations of Canadian and Arctic gatherings. Archeologists have since quite a while ago contended that the Americas were colonized in a few rushes of populaces crossing the Bering Strait from Asia, the latest being that of the Arctic and Canadian gatherings; this investigation bolsters that. The exploration (to a degree) negates the Solutrean speculation, a proposal that Clovis gets from Upper Paleolithic European movements into the Americas. No association with European Upper Paleolithic hereditary qualities was recognized inside the Anzick childs remains, thus the explorat ion loans solid help for the Asian cause of the American colonization. One amazing part of the 2014 Anzick study is the immediate cooperation and backing of a few neighborhood Native American clans in the exploration, an intentional decision made by lead scientist Eske Willerslev, and a checked distinction in approach and results from the Kennewick Man investigations of almost 20 years prior. Highlights at Anzick Unearthings and meetings with the first discoverers in 1999 uncovered that the bifaces and shot focuses had been stacked firmly inside a little pit estimating 3x3 feet (.9x.9 meters)â and covered between around 8 ft (2.4 m) of the bone incline. Underneath the stone apparatuses was the internment of a newborn child matured 1-2 years old and spoke to by 28 cranial sections, the left clavicle and three ribs, all recolored with red ochre. The human remains were dated by AMS radiocarbon dating to 10,800 RCYBP, adjusted to 12,894 schedule years prior (cal BP). A second arrangement of human remains, comprising of the faded, incomplete skull of aâ 6-8-year-old youngster, were likewise found by the first pioneers: this head among the various items was not recolored by red ochre. Radiocarbon dates on this noggin uncovered that the more seasoned kid was from the American Archaic, 8600 RCYBP, and researchers trust it was from a meddlesome entombment inconsequential to the Clovis internment. Two complete and a few fractional bone actualizes produced using the long bones of a unidentified warm blooded animal were recouped from Anzick, speaking to somewhere in the range of four and six complete apparatuses. The apparatuses have comparable greatest widths (15.5-20 millimeters, .6-.8 inches) and thicknesses (11.1-14.6 mm, .4-.6 in), and each has an angled end inside the scope of 9-18 degrees. The two quantifiable lengths are 227 and 280 mm (9.9 and 11 in). The angled finishes are cross-incubated and spread with a dark pitch, maybe a hafting specialist or paste, an average improving/development strategy for bone devices utilized as atlatl or lance foreshafts. Lithic Technology The gathering of stone instruments recouped from the Anzick (Wilke et al) by the first discoverers and the ensuing unearthings included ~112 (sources shift) stone apparatuses, including enormous bifacial chip centers, littler bifaces, Clovis point spaces and preforms, and cleaned and angled tube shaped bone devices. The assortment at Anzick incorporates all decrease phases of Clovis innovation, from huge centers of arranged stone apparatuses to completed Clovis focuses, making Anzick remarkable. The array speaks to a various assortment of high caliber, (likely un-heat-rewarded) microcrystalline chert used to make the devices, prevalently chalcedony (66%), however lesser measures of greenery agate (32%), phosporia chert and porcellanite. The biggest point in the assortment is 15.3 centimeters (6 inches) in length and a portion of the preforms measure between 20-22 cm (7.8-8.6 in), very long for Clovis focuses, albeit most are all the more ordinarily estimated. Most of stone devices sections show use wear, scraped spots or edge harm which more likely than not happened during use, proposing this was unquestionably a working toolbox, and not just ancient rarities made for the internment. See Jones for nitty gritty lithic examination. Prehistoric studies Anzick was inadvertently found by development laborers in 1968â and expertly exhumed by Dee C. Taylor (at that point at the University of Montana) in 1968, and in 1971 by Larry Lahren (Montana State) and Robson Bonnichsen (University of Alberta), and by Lahren again in 1999. Sources Beck C, and Jones GT. 2010. Clovis and Western Stemmed: Population Migration and the Meeting of Two Technologies in the Intermountain West. American Antiquity 75(1):81-116.Jones JS. 1996. The Anzick Site: Analysis of a Clovis Burial Assemblage. Corvallis: Oregon State University.Owsley DW, and Hunt DR. 2001. Clovis and Early Archaic Period Crania from the Anzick Site (24PA506), Park County, Montana. Fields Anthropologist 46(176):115-124.Rasmussen M, Anzick SL, Waters MR, Skoglund P, DeGiorgio M, Stafford Jr TW, Rasmussen S, Moltke I, Albrechtsen A, Doyle SM et al. 2014. The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis entombment site in western Montana. Nature 506:225-229.Stafford TWJ. 1994. Quickening agent C-14 dating of human fossil skeletons: Assessing exactness and results on New World examples. In: Bonnichsen R, and Steele DG, editors. Technique and Theory for Investigating the Peopling of the Americas. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University. p 45-55.Wilke PJ, Flenniken JJ, and Ozbun TL. 1991. Clovis Technology at the Anzick Site, Montana. Diary of California and Great Basin Anthropology 13(2):242-272.

Capital Budget Essay

If it's not too much trouble offer your proposals, in view of (a) (b) (c) (d) the compensation time frame strategy; the IRR technique; the ace? tability file strategy; and the NPV technique. 3. Contextual analysis: Randgold Resources plc Randgold assets plc is a London Stock Exchange gold mining and disclosure ? rm with practically the entirety of its exercises focused in Africa. This contextual investigation concerns a speculative gold disclosure of 300,000 ounces of gold in the Mwanza district at the north tip of Tanzania. Randgold can just concentrate 50,000 ounces for every year from the Mwanza mine and variable extraction costs are an element of the gold cost. The gold cost is required to develop as follows: 1 Cases and Exercises for Value and Capital Budgeting Year Gold value 1 $1,070 2 $1,120 3 $1,200 4 $1,100 5 $1,000 6 $950 The disclosure goes ahead the impact points of a monstrous ? ve-year investigation and disclosure program that cost $20 million. In spite of the fact that the investigation and revelation program has now been finished, the ? rm still need to pay $8 million this year and $5 million one year from now (year 1) as a postponed installment to providers. Randgold should rent the land from the Tanzanian government for $10 million for each annum. Mining hardware and mining quarters (spreading over ? ve miles) should be built at the expense of $70 million and this ought to be devalued utilizing 20 percent decreasing adjusts over the multi year venture. Accept that the gear and mining quarters can be sold for just 20 percent of lingering an incentive toward the finish of the task. The workforce will cost $10 million for every annum except 30 percent of the workforce will originate from existing activities somewhere else in Africa. On the off chance that the Mwanza mine isn't placed into activity, the workforce that originates from existing tasks would lose their positions. Working capital is relied upon to increment by $8 million toward the beginning of the undertaking and this will tumble to zero toward the finish of the task. The viable expense pace of Randgold Resources is 28 percent and the proper markdown rate is 20 percent. (an) Is it beneficial for Randgold Resources to begin creation? Utilize three speculation examination strategies to legitimize your answer. (b) What are the principle hazard factors confronting Randgold Resources in the mining venture? Talk about these in detail. 4. We are assessing a task that costs ? 896,000, has an eight-year life, and has no rescue esteem. Expect that deterioration is 20% diminishing equalization technique. Deals are anticipated at 100,000 units for each year. Cost per unit is ? 38, variable expense per unit is ? 25, and ? xed costs are ? 900,000 every year. The duty rate is 35%, and we require a 15% profit for this undertaking. (a) Calculate the bookkeeping make back the initial investment point. (b) Calculate the base-case money ? ow and NPV. What is the affectability of NPV to changes in the deals ? gure? Clarify what your answer educates you regarding a 500-unit decline in anticipated deals. (c) What is the affectability of OCF to changes in the variable expense ? gure? Clarify what your answer educates you concerning a ? 1 diminishing in assessed variable expenses. (d) Suppose the projections given for value, amount, variable expenses and ? xed costs are for the most part precise to inside  ±10%. Compute the best-case and most pessimistic scenario NPV ? gures. 5. The ? rm SENSITIVITY is contemplating the acknowledgment of an undertaking of propelling another toothpaste. The Marketing Department demonstrates the accompanying estimations (in a huge number of euros): Parameter Sales (amount) Advertisement costs Sales Value 1,450 tons 10% of deals 5/ton 2 Cases and Exercises for Value and Capital Budgeting.

A Proposal for the Richmond Hill Fundraising Activity Essay

A Proposal for the Richmond Hill Fundraising Activity - Essay Example The costs for these sorts of unique program incorporate setting up of the scene, game plan of furniture and installations, courses of action for vehicle wash and magnificence treatment, printing of leaflets and standards as a promotion material.The raising support movement requires satisfactory arranging and there is a requirement for cautious arranging and staffing. Arranging should be made in any event a month before the occasion. There is a requirement for various assets which are basic in doing the gathering pledges program. The gathering pledges program calls for fantastic enterprise abilities and attributes for the achievement of the ideal endeavor. For this occasion, the pointed objective market is one and hence uncommon projects like vehicle wash and magnificence treatment have been orchestrated so as to create a larger number of assets than that has been evaluated at Richmond Hill. There is necessity for materials, budgetary and HR for the conduction of this raising money pr ogram. Every one of these assets should be composed in like manner for the achievement of this program and for this, business ability is an unquestionable requirement in the undertaking administrator. ‘Raising reserve for giving garments to Tsunami victims.’Present Source of capital †yearly store, low estimated vehicle washes and excellence therapy.Richmond Hill has been all around perceived for raising assets for the network and this shows its pledge to the network. The name of this occasion is ‘Raising store for giving garments to those influenced.

Public Health Essay#2 - 825 Words

Public Health Essay #2 (Essay Sample) Content: Public HealthAuthorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s NameInstitutional AffiliationPublic HealthPart One: The gap between the mission of public health and current public health practiceThe mission of the public health can be defined as the extent to which the services, programs, policies, as well as research for the population enhance the desired health conditions and outcomes in which the population can be and remain healthy in all aspects. The quality of the public health is the extent to which the services, programs, research and policies for the people foster the desired health conditions and outcomes in which the individuals can be healthy. The mission of public health is thus supposed to take care of all the population regardless of race or ethnicity so as to enable the public health system to improve the quality of health care to attain the health outcomes of the population that are improved. The outcomes can be scrutinized basing on the impact, improvability and practice variabili ty (Kolbe, 2014). The effect can be seen as the extent of essential improvements in the population safety, health quality, equity and health in general that could result from changes in public health. The improvability is the potential for the changes that would lead to a desired health. Variability of practice is the potential for standardizing the sectors where there is a broad variability in practice and where the gaps that exist between the knowledge and current practice, best practices or evidence can be closed without hindrance to innovation.However, there is a significant gap between the public health mission and the current health care practices because the current practices do not reflect what is really in the mission. For instance, there are disparities based on the race and ethnic minority groups. For example, the disabled are usually in ill health, they use a lot of tobacco, they forego physical activities and they are likely to be obese. The black are also more liable t o be given low-quality medical attention with lower rates of screening compared to their white counterparts (Heller, 2012). There are also cases of wasting of the health care resources such as funds; there are also cases of lack of transparency when it comes to allocation of resources.Part Two: Advantages of intersectoral approach to addressing the issues of public healthThe health of a nation is the responsibility of everyone and thus, the intersectoral approach is the joint action among the sector of health and the other groups so as to enhance the outcomes of health. The approach has a lot of advantages; at the federal level, the intersectoral approach develops a climate that improves health by offering leadership and coordination (Fielding, 2013). It encourages the provincial, national and territorial collaboration, giving the public the required tools and information, as well as developing infrastructure to institutionalize the public health policies. At the territorial and pro vincial level, the approach enhances collaboration across the sectors of government and ministries to develop the health goals, public policies as well as accountability. It also balances the investment in the health sector and offer regular information to the public regarding the status of health. The private sector can provide a healthy and safe environment for working, which can contribute to the overall well-being of the community. It can also provide opportunities for continuous learning as well as protect the environment (Fink, 2013). At the local level, the communities can focus on the determinants of health, sharing resources and information, providing and providing high-quality services as well as participate in program implementation. Lastly through intersectoral approach, the individuals can contribute by taking charge of their own wellbeing and health. They can actively seek for the information required for informed health decisions and build the communities that are sup portive. The individuals can also take part in the activities of the community that influence health.Part Three: The difficulty in expansion of health education programs in the USIt has not been any easy to expand the health education programs in the US because of the internal and the external challenges. The internal issues entail the focus on the disease to the behavior relative exclusion, outpatient versus the inpatient education, as well as the effects of the faculty that primarily focuses its research at the sub-molecular or molecular level.The external factors encompass the growth in knowledge that is exponential, and that associated with the disruptive technologic innovations and changes in the society. Addressing such challenges calls for a decisive leadership of the institutions with an eye far beyond 2020 (Fielding, 2013). Precisely, the external factors usually represent a more difficult challenge because they are beyond the control of the individual institutions. As such , they are not well defined, and they need the establishment of the strategies that are adequately flexible to adapt the change. They are beyond the direct control of any institution. Advancing the medical education mission requires the institutional leadership to address both the external and internal challenges but with vivid vision.Part Four: Population-Based Medicine and its role in current health care crisisThe population-based medicine is one of the fundamental notions of the managed care. It is defined as the approach that permits an individual to assess the status of health as well as to evaluate the n...

Amusing Ourselves For Death Public Discourse On The Age...

In Amusing Ourselves To Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business, Neil Postman familiarizes his readers to his main objective for his argument right away. His strategies to convince his readers of his claim are extraordinarily well and get across to the readers easily. Postman proposes that the public, without recognizing it, is losing its â€Å"autonomy, maturity, and history†. His thesis is that television is changing the way people interact by putting all public rhetoric into on-screen entertainment. He suggests that risks are high if the public does not notice television changing the publics view and that we need to try and regain control over it. First, Postman’s anger towards the way news is televised under the media-metaphor is presented in his first chapter, The Medium Is the Metaphor. He introduces the basic concept of news in the Age of Show Business. The author states, â€Å"This idea - that there is a content called â€Å"the news of the dayâ₠¬  - was entirely created by the telegraph (and since amplified by newer media), which made it possible to move decontextualized information over vast spaces at incredible speed.†(8), saying that â€Å"the news of the day† is information given to the public that does not immediately affect the watcher’s life, but instead has little practical value. It exists only in a world associated with media, â€Å"The news of the day is a figment of our technological imagination.†(8), such as the telegraph or television. He suggests that the news andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Amusing Ourselves To Death By Neil Postman812 Words   |  4 PagesAmusing Ourselves to Death, written by Neil Postman analyzes the true meaning of entertainment and explores how it affects our lives today. â€Å"Entertainment is the action of providing or being provided with amusement or enjoyment,† (dictionary.com). 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The Security Research Of Cloud Database - 1442 Words

The security research of cloud database Hao Xu Professor: Carol Auerbach Course Number: EAP 6110 20 Date: 12/1/2014 1. Introduction 1.1 Background In September, there was breaking news in the American entertainment world – private pictures of Hollywood movie star Jennifer Lawrence and other celebrities were leaked online by hacker who stole the pictures from their Apple’s iCloud. People were shocked by this news, and a debate was generated online on whether cloud technology is safe enough to upload private files. Despite this incident, cloud database can be trusted as a secure space to store information as long as the users have some basic safety awareness. 1.2 The concept of cloud database â€Å"Cloud† is a popular concept in the world of technology today. â€Å"Put everything in the cloud† is a popular statement used by cloud database vendors. A cloud database is a database that has been optimized to create a virtualized computing environment. Businesses and other organizations with large databases can benefit from putting their databases in the cloud because it allows them to effectively support and use cloud-enable business applications as part of a wider software-as-a-service (SaaS) deployment (Rouse, M). Furthermore, more and more people are choosing to use cloud database to store and share documents, or even run some software on the web, rather then installing it to their own computer. In addition, cloud database is also convenient for mobile users.Show MoreRelatedResearch Challenges Within Database Management1644 Words   |  7 Pages Research Challenges in database management in Cloud Prof.Niraja Jain Prof.(Dr).Sarang Joshi University of Pune University of Pune Information Tech. Dept Computer Engineering Dept. 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Math and architecture free essay sample

Geometry PJ Architecture and Geometry Architecture and geometry are perfect complements of each other they go hand to hand in so many ways lets discuss some of these ways. Architecture has geometry written all over it if geometry never existed Architecture wouldnt have existed either. First of all geometry is the reason that we can calculate and measure the sizes and shapes of certain structures for us to use. Geometry allows us pin point exactly how much more we may need or less , without using geometry building stuff would all be guess to what size we may need or the shape well need it in. Geometry is the primary source of all harmony in geometry. Using Pythagoreans and other formulas based off geometry is key to finding solutions to architectures problems dealing finding rite shapes and pieces to fit in a whole structure 2 by 4s things like that are all possible measurements and the reason that they are measured is because of the work from geometry. We will write a custom essay sample on Math and architecture or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3d shapes such as cylinders and Castles would not be able to create without the work of geometry. Also dealing with painting say if you wanted to aint a structure you would have to know how much paint you would need rite well believe it or not you will not be able to calculate exactly how much paint you will need without geometry. Also say if you wanted to know how much space you have in your structure you will have to find the volume and calculate the mass and finding the height of your structure when it all comes down to it geometry is at the root of it all all the formulas we use for calculating objects and structures rather you know it or not all comes from the works of geometry. Architecture begins with geometry Architecture needs geometry for safety issues think about it you making a rooftop without the formulas in geometry you will not be able to calculate how much you will need so imagine making the roof too small then your roof would fall down on you and possibly kill you. We use geometrical shapes to decorate our structures which is very important if you want like an appealing building or object. One more way geometry shapes architecture (literally) is the way we build our gardens we wont know how much soil or plants can fit like getting a ew piece of land you have to measure that land to know what can fit there and what cant these both are very important and wouldnt be possible to determine without geometry. See so as I basically was saying geometry shapes architecture. Architecture is possible and only directly through geometry. Creating building finding areas and volumes of structures and finding the safest and honest ways of doing them is done through geometry. The role that geometry plays in architecture is very big and I want to thank you for your time in reading this essay.

Patrol December 31 Review Essay Example

Patrol December 31 Review Paper Essay on Patrol December 31 The book caught my eye by accident, of course, if it happens. I did not want to read it. Just me she slipped into the hands. I began to read it to the end, with diaries and sketches. She could not tear myself away. It turned out my book. And now, for a long time I open it to any page and get great pleasure. The world through the details with which we face all the time, but that we have no time to pay attention. The world through the eyes of children who survived the war. The world through the eyes of lovers. Just a world where the air smells of snowdrops, where the smell is at of September and Monday, and if it is snowing, then, after the author feel the very nature of the allotted happiness breathe such air wake frosty mornings feeling uncharted joy that can be and not quite have the joy, but something appears in the eyes for a moment the light .  » We will write a custom essay sample on Patrol December 31 Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Patrol December 31 Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Patrol December 31 Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer a beautiful poetic language, apparently simple story of his short stories and scripts from childhood familiar to us films, for which there is a huge us still dealing with meaning. Frankly, Im not used to such prose! From the simplicity of the language, from the simplicity of images. But I had many days so impressed, which is no longer felt. This is not the joy of being well, cleverly written book. And not satisfied because he has learned something new. This is some sweet bitter feeling that I have, for example, happens when I dream of something from my childhood. Sweet because a child has visited, bitter because it can not be. Never. Sweet because the book awakened in me the wonderful memories of the Soviet childhood, which I think is at all, born in the USSR, the memories that unite us regardless of who we are now, thanks to or in spite of the fact, as we have lived childhood. The taste of ice cream and lemonade Pinocchio, In a Fairy Tale with Aunt Valya, snow up to his neck, so that you can jump to the garages, school uniform, which is hated, but now remember with nostalgia. But you never know another thing I have finally -. It (to my shame) understood why my mom so loved the film Walking the Streets of Moscow, I just had no time to think about it. And now I felt it. A Citizen Purple Republic reminded me of old, old tale with Oleg Dal. How are they similar to Shpalikov! And what a pity that it was so early, they left us and so tragic. And now I still clearly see why. And from this very sad This stunning, Lermontov sense of the meaninglessness of existence, and such a simple final wording:. In general, I, of course, no luck! Or: What else to expect? Let it be so. Hes about my suicide! And I remember Lermontov: Alone with you, brother, Id like to stay, There are few, they say, remains for me to live  » He did not really lucky. He was not expelled from the Soviet Union, not planted, not locked up in a psychiatric hospital, etc., in general, did not attract any attention to it. Simply forgotten. From this bitterly.

Free Essays on Autobiogrpahy Of My Mother

Many of Jamaica Kincaid's writings contain characters not unlike herself and upon reading her works or summaries of them, one would discover Kincaid to be a hardened Carribean woman with a work history of waiting on others and a personal history of suffocation and desolation. â€Å"The Autobiography of My Mother,† written by Kincaid in 1996, attempts to explain a mother from the point of view of a child who never knew her; a child who wrestles with this lost and must accept her mother as the person her own self could have been. With a strong tone of detachment, Jamaica Kincaid creates an autobiographical character who lives in extreme loneliness because she never had a family, most specifically a mother- a very important factor in creating an individual's identity. Kincaid’s character uses her furious will to attempt to define life as it would be if one rejected all the things that immediately define them at birth: family, heritage, language, etc. comes to the knowle dge that to live underneath an identity is a crime. The character in this excerpt defines herself as a child without a mother. She explains her emptiness with dark imagery and metaphors to â€Å"a bleak, black wind† and tells how she would always look over her shoulder â€Å"to see if someone was coming... I was just looking for that face, the face I would never see, even if I lived forever.† She also talks about how not understanding any type of her own history made her â€Å"vulnerable, hard, and helpless; on knowing this I became overwhelmed with sadness and shame and pity for myself.† Instead of being in a state of grievance, this character has replaced her sadness with pity for herself. The character is able to recognize her situation and replace intangible feelings with feelings she can act upon: pity. The pity she has for herself causes her to disassociate herself from relationships with anyone, not allowing anything to touch her emotionally. The child's ... Free Essays on Autobiogrpahy Of My Mother Free Essays on Autobiogrpahy Of My Mother Many of Jamaica Kincaid's writings contain characters not unlike herself and upon reading her works or summaries of them, one would discover Kincaid to be a hardened Carribean woman with a work history of waiting on others and a personal history of suffocation and desolation. â€Å"The Autobiography of My Mother,† written by Kincaid in 1996, attempts to explain a mother from the point of view of a child who never knew her; a child who wrestles with this lost and must accept her mother as the person her own self could have been. With a strong tone of detachment, Jamaica Kincaid creates an autobiographical character who lives in extreme loneliness because she never had a family, most specifically a mother- a very important factor in creating an individual's identity. Kincaid’s character uses her furious will to attempt to define life as it would be if one rejected all the things that immediately define them at birth: family, heritage, language, etc. comes to the knowle dge that to live underneath an identity is a crime. The character in this excerpt defines herself as a child without a mother. She explains her emptiness with dark imagery and metaphors to â€Å"a bleak, black wind† and tells how she would always look over her shoulder â€Å"to see if someone was coming... I was just looking for that face, the face I would never see, even if I lived forever.† She also talks about how not understanding any type of her own history made her â€Å"vulnerable, hard, and helpless; on knowing this I became overwhelmed with sadness and shame and pity for myself.† Instead of being in a state of grievance, this character has replaced her sadness with pity for herself. The character is able to recognize her situation and replace intangible feelings with feelings she can act upon: pity. The pity she has for herself causes her to disassociate herself from relationships with anyone, not allowing anything to touch her emotionally. The child's ...

How the threat of an imminent fiscal cliff is directly related to Research Paper

How the threat of an imminent fiscal cliff is directly related to income inequality - Research Paper Example The whole problem was triggered by the quarrel over tax cuts for the wealthiest 1% percentage of Americans. It can be argued that the prospects of the future global economy depends much on the debate circling to distribution of income or equality among all sections of the society. The republicans support the tax cuts on the argument of the role played by income in the development of incentives. They argue that the role of the government is not ecstatic in managing the money of the tax payers. They put the example of the CEO who may feel the disincentive on working harder if the government levies a tax of 10% more on his income. The Republicans states the money that is paid by the tax payers can be more efficiently invested in profitable investments instead of wasting the amount in the inefficient programs of the government. Research question How the threat of an imminent fiscal cliff is directly related to income inequality? Literature Review The law makers of the country are facing three unattractive options. They can keep the policy on hold till the beginning of next year. With the implementation of the policy the spending rates are anticipated to go down and therefore the economy will again be on the verge of inflation. Again the deficit of the current balance is anticipated to fall as well. They can opt for the middle course which would address the issues of the budget to a certain extent and will also have modest impact on the rate of growth. Two dimensions can be put forwarded regarding the inefficiency of the government. The spending in the public sector cannot be identified as waste because some of the expenditures roll out to the private sector as well. In some cases the roll is large enough. Moreover some profitable investments can only be done by the government. An individual cannot be held responsible for his resources and the same individual can be held responsible for the choices he makes. It is undoubted that the policy maker will opt for the pro grams that bring equalization in the society rather than increase the taxes for the wealthiest population. The term economic inequality is used to define the gap between the rich and the poor. The disparities in distribution of the economic assets among individuals or groups of population are regarded as economic inequality (World Bank, 2005, p. 27-28). There are many causes for economic inequality and primary of them being the differences in wages and salaries of the employed. Inequality in the labor market leads to concentration of wealth in the hands of the few. Some of the other causes are racial inequality, gender inequality, tax loopholes and increasing costs of education. The distributive inefficiency gets reduced by economic inequality. Inequality acts to reduce the total personal utility. The simplest form of measuring inequality arranges the entire population from poorest to the richest and pictures the percentage of spending attributable to either quintile or decile of th e arrangement. One of the most popular measures on inequality is Gini coefficient (Cullis and Koppen, 2007, p. 2-3). It ranges from 0 showing perfect equality to 1 showing perfect inequality. It is derived from the Lorenz curve which also arranges the population from the poorest to the richest. The Lorenz curve is drawn using the cumulative proportion of the population and the cumulative expenditure on the horizontal and the vertical axis

How the threat of an imminent fiscal cliff is directly related to Research Paper

How the threat of an imminent fiscal cliff is directly related to income inequality - Research Paper Example The whole problem was triggered by the quarrel over tax cuts for the wealthiest 1% percentage of Americans. It can be argued that the prospects of the future global economy depends much on the debate circling to distribution of income or equality among all sections of the society. The republicans support the tax cuts on the argument of the role played by income in the development of incentives. They argue that the role of the government is not ecstatic in managing the money of the tax payers. They put the example of the CEO who may feel the disincentive on working harder if the government levies a tax of 10% more on his income. The Republicans states the money that is paid by the tax payers can be more efficiently invested in profitable investments instead of wasting the amount in the inefficient programs of the government. Research question How the threat of an imminent fiscal cliff is directly related to income inequality? Literature Review The law makers of the country are facing three unattractive options. They can keep the policy on hold till the beginning of next year. With the implementation of the policy the spending rates are anticipated to go down and therefore the economy will again be on the verge of inflation. Again the deficit of the current balance is anticipated to fall as well. They can opt for the middle course which would address the issues of the budget to a certain extent and will also have modest impact on the rate of growth. Two dimensions can be put forwarded regarding the inefficiency of the government. The spending in the public sector cannot be identified as waste because some of the expenditures roll out to the private sector as well. In some cases the roll is large enough. Moreover some profitable investments can only be done by the government. An individual cannot be held responsible for his resources and the same individual can be held responsible for the choices he makes. It is undoubted that the policy maker will opt for the pro grams that bring equalization in the society rather than increase the taxes for the wealthiest population. The term economic inequality is used to define the gap between the rich and the poor. The disparities in distribution of the economic assets among individuals or groups of population are regarded as economic inequality (World Bank, 2005, p. 27-28). There are many causes for economic inequality and primary of them being the differences in wages and salaries of the employed. Inequality in the labor market leads to concentration of wealth in the hands of the few. Some of the other causes are racial inequality, gender inequality, tax loopholes and increasing costs of education. The distributive inefficiency gets reduced by economic inequality. Inequality acts to reduce the total personal utility. The simplest form of measuring inequality arranges the entire population from poorest to the richest and pictures the percentage of spending attributable to either quintile or decile of th e arrangement. One of the most popular measures on inequality is Gini coefficient (Cullis and Koppen, 2007, p. 2-3). It ranges from 0 showing perfect equality to 1 showing perfect inequality. It is derived from the Lorenz curve which also arranges the population from the poorest to the richest. The Lorenz curve is drawn using the cumulative proportion of the population and the cumulative expenditure on the horizontal and the vertical axis

How the threat of an imminent fiscal cliff is directly related to Research Paper

How the threat of an imminent fiscal cliff is directly related to income inequality - Research Paper Example The whole problem was triggered by the quarrel over tax cuts for the wealthiest 1% percentage of Americans. It can be argued that the prospects of the future global economy depends much on the debate circling to distribution of income or equality among all sections of the society. The republicans support the tax cuts on the argument of the role played by income in the development of incentives. They argue that the role of the government is not ecstatic in managing the money of the tax payers. They put the example of the CEO who may feel the disincentive on working harder if the government levies a tax of 10% more on his income. The Republicans states the money that is paid by the tax payers can be more efficiently invested in profitable investments instead of wasting the amount in the inefficient programs of the government. Research question How the threat of an imminent fiscal cliff is directly related to income inequality? Literature Review The law makers of the country are facing three unattractive options. They can keep the policy on hold till the beginning of next year. With the implementation of the policy the spending rates are anticipated to go down and therefore the economy will again be on the verge of inflation. Again the deficit of the current balance is anticipated to fall as well. They can opt for the middle course which would address the issues of the budget to a certain extent and will also have modest impact on the rate of growth. Two dimensions can be put forwarded regarding the inefficiency of the government. The spending in the public sector cannot be identified as waste because some of the expenditures roll out to the private sector as well. In some cases the roll is large enough. Moreover some profitable investments can only be done by the government. An individual cannot be held responsible for his resources and the same individual can be held responsible for the choices he makes. It is undoubted that the policy maker will opt for the pro grams that bring equalization in the society rather than increase the taxes for the wealthiest population. The term economic inequality is used to define the gap between the rich and the poor. The disparities in distribution of the economic assets among individuals or groups of population are regarded as economic inequality (World Bank, 2005, p. 27-28). There are many causes for economic inequality and primary of them being the differences in wages and salaries of the employed. Inequality in the labor market leads to concentration of wealth in the hands of the few. Some of the other causes are racial inequality, gender inequality, tax loopholes and increasing costs of education. The distributive inefficiency gets reduced by economic inequality. Inequality acts to reduce the total personal utility. The simplest form of measuring inequality arranges the entire population from poorest to the richest and pictures the percentage of spending attributable to either quintile or decile of th e arrangement. One of the most popular measures on inequality is Gini coefficient (Cullis and Koppen, 2007, p. 2-3). It ranges from 0 showing perfect equality to 1 showing perfect inequality. It is derived from the Lorenz curve which also arranges the population from the poorest to the richest. The Lorenz curve is drawn using the cumulative proportion of the population and the cumulative expenditure on the horizontal and the vertical axis

FAMILY LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

FAMILY LAW - Essay Example Prior to this act, domestic violence was dealt under the provisions of several different acts. This act supplanted them and integrated them into one act3. The previous provisions had been ambiguous, confusing and were unable to deal with all the aspects of domestic violence. They had prescribed different norms for dealing with domestic violence and were applied to a very narrow range of relationships. Different courts had delivered significantly different decisions; and there was considerable variation in the remedies applied by different courts for similar types of domestic violence. The new act did away with this confusion and disparity to a great extent4. The present situation in the UK is that an individual can be prosecuted on charges of domestic violence, through several criminal justice provisions. However, the victims of domestic violence can only invoke the family law act for remedies and civil initiatives, to get protection against such violence. The family law act is preferred by most of the women to initiate civil action against offenders5. There are two reasons for this; first, victims of domestic violence do not want to invoke criminal proceedings against such violence, because once the prosecution is under way, they will be unable to control or stop the process, which will be controlled by the police authorities, who will take decisions regarding the subsequent steps in the process6. These authorities decide whether the matter is to be brought before the Crown Prosecution Service. At this juncture, the victim cannot stop the process and there is risk of subsequent retaliation by the offender against the victim. Secondly, victims of domestic violence are generally women; and many women do not want the offender to obtain a criminal record7. Thus, most women seek non – molestation orders, which imposes restrictive measures on the perpetrator and restrain him from committing such acts in future; and

Social Performance and Social Influence Essay Example for Free

Social Performance and Social Influence Essay Social psychologist, Dr. Robert Cialdini has researched basic principles that govern how one person may influence another. You will read about these six principles in his 2002 article The Science and Practice of Persuasion. Social Performance Aristotle first called humans social animals. People tend to gather, play, and work in groups. Groups fulfill a variety of functions such as satisfying the need to belong, providing support and intimacy, and assisting in accomplishing tasks that individuals could not accomplish alone, etc. In Chapter 13 of the textbook, groups will be defined as two or more people working together on a task in which the outcome is quantifiable. This discussion will focus on two major areas that have been researched since the end of the 19th century: social facilitation and social loafing. Social Facilitation At first glance, these terms seem to be opposing behaviors: social facilitation refers to the fact that people work harder in groups, whereas social loafing describes their tendency reduce their efforts when in groups. The difference, it appears, is how people view the individuals in their groups–whether they perceive those in the group as being with them us or against them. If group members are against them, they perceive them as competitors, evaluators, or sources of comparison, which is likely to increase or facilitate their efforts. If they are with them, sharing in the demands of the task and evaluation, they are likely to loaf or reduce our efforts. These findings appear counterintuitive. Research on social facilitation began with Triplett (1989) who observed that cyclists pedaled faster, or performed better, when others were present than when performing alone. He argued that the other biker was a stimulus, arousing a competitive instinct in the cyclist. He tested his theory by asking children to wind fishing reels either alone or beside other children. The majority of the children turned the wheel faster when working alongside another child than when reeling alone. Allport (1924) termed this effect social facilitation. Still, it seemed that many disagreed about whether the presence of others increased or decreased performance on tasks. Zajonc (1965) renewed interest in social facilitation, and suggested that the presence of others enhanced a dominant response–which is the most probable response on a given task. If the task is simple and well-learned, the dominant response will be facilitated. For example, if you were a skilled concert pianist, performing in front of others would increase your proficiency on the task; you would play beautifully. Since you are not skilled at this art, being observed by others would no doubt cause anxiety and would result in quite the opposite effect, inhibiting your performance. Zajonc was suggesting that the presence of others increases drive. Others were still arguing that it was the evaluation or the competition associated with others being present that produced the drive. Whether it was mere presence or evaluation apprehension that increased the drive, the drive theory remained the dominant thought of the time. Alternative approaches to social-facilitation effects fall into three classes: The first was the continued thought that the presence of others increases drive by evaluation apprehension. The second thought suggested that the situation places demands on the individual to behave in a particular way; individuals are engaged in self-presentation and self-awareness. The third idea argued that the presence of others affects focus and attention to the task, meaning that the task becomes cognitive. Hence, the controversy over whether it is the mere presence of others or evaluation that causes social facilitation is unresolved. Social Loafing Social facilitation research demonstrates that the presence of others sometimes enhances performance, yet at times reduces it. But, how does working with others affect motivation? Many would argue that groups should energize and motivate. The tendency for individuals to work less hard on a collective task than on an individual task is called social loafing. For example, those group projects at work or school where a few individuals did the majority of the work–social loafing. Research in this area has been conducted in a way that makes individuals believe that they are either working alone or working with others–then measures efforts toward the task. For example, Ringelmann (Kravitz Martin, 1986) had volunteers pull on a rope as hard as they could in groups of varying sizes. Their efforts decreased as group sizes increased. This was explained in two ways: their motivation decreased as groups size increased or maybe the larger groups were not able to coordinate their efforts efficiently. Researchers sought to tease apart these two factors, focusing on motivation. You can imagine that it was difficult to devise methods that lead participants to believe they were either working alone (when they were not) or with others (when they were working alone), which lends to the difficulty of studying social loafing. However, over 100 studies (Steiner, 1972; Griffith, Fichman, Moreland, 1989; Jackson Williams, 1985; Henningsen et al. , 2000) have tested the effects of groups on motivation, and social loafing has been replicated in most of these studies. Other theories have attempted to explain social loafing. Social impact theory states that when a group is working together, the expectation is that the effort should be diffused across all participants, resulting in diminished effort. Arousal reduction postulates that the presence of others should increase drive only when they are observers and reduce our efforts when they are coworkers. Evaluation potential suggests that social loafing occurs because individual efforts are so difficult to identify during a collective task; one can easily hide in the crowd or may feel they will not be acknowledged for their hard work. Dispensability of effort argues that individuals may feel their efforts are unnecessary or dispensable. The group simply does not need them. An integrative theory: the collective effort model states that individuals will work hard on a task only to the degree to which they believe their efforts will be instrumental in leading to outcomes they value, personally. Hence, the value they place on the task (and their efforts) depends on their personal beliefs, task meaningfulness, favorable interactions with the group, the nature of the rewards, and the extent to which their future goals are impacted by the task. Social loafing can be moderated, or reduced, when individuals efforts can be identified or evaluated, when individuals are working on a task they deem as important or of personal relevance, or when individuals are working with cohesive groups or close friends. Individual differences or characteristics also influence who engages in social loafing less because they value collective outcomes. For example, a need for affiliation, a hard work ethic, or high self-monitoring can influence effort. It should be clear that the mere presence of others is arousing. It appears that if others are competitors or evaluators they facilitate motivation to work harder. If individuals see others as a part of themselves, they can hide behind them or their efforts can get lost in the efforts of others. Further research in this area can help us determine how our view of others affects our motivation and performance. Social Influence Processes of Control and Change Social influence is one of the primary research areas in social psychology and refers to the ways in which opinions and attitudes influence the opinions and attitudes of others. Two types of social influence can be identified in groups: influence aimed at maintaining group norms (social control) or changing group norms (social change). The most common form of social control is conformity, where an individual complies with or accepts the groups views. Since the influence is typically within a context of a group of people influencing an individual, it is referred to as majority influence. Another type of social control is obedience, where individuals obey an authority figure, often against their will. For group norms to change, a small subset of the group must resist the majority view, which is termed minority influence. If minorities never resisted, group opinions would persist, fashions would never change, innovations would not come about, etc. It must be clear that the term majority refers to the larger group of people who hold the normative view and has power over others. Minority groups tend to be small, hold nonnormative positions, and wield very little power. This study textbook is concerned with two influence processes: processes that ensure that others adhere to the groups position (social control; conformity and obedience) or processes that aim to change the groups position (social change: innovation and active minorities). Social influence has studied how individuals conform to the majority, often by giving an obvious erroneous response to a question. According to Festinger (1950, 1954), this occurs because there are social pressures for groups to reach consensus, especially when there is a group goal. Individuals seek social approval and seek others to verify their opinions. Deutsch and Gerard (1955) distinguish between normative social influence (conforming to expectations of others) and informational social influence (accepting information from the group as reality). Another view is that people conform over concerns for positive self-evaluations, to have good relationships with others, and to better understand a situation by reducing uncertainty. Social influence also addresses why people comply with acts that clearly cause harm to another. The study of obedience is intimately tied to one social psychologist–Stanley Milgram (1963). His post-WWII research aimed to understand why people willingly engaged in the atrocities perpetrated by the Nazis. People probably preferred to believe these were evil, disturbed men who were intrinsically evil? However, many of them claimed they were not responsible for their behavior. After all, they were simply following orders. In Milgrams (1963) classic study, he led participants (who were assigned to be teachers) to believe they were administering harmful shocks to the learners each time they made an error on a task. The experimenter (the authority figure) demanded they increase the level of shock for each incorrect response. As shocks increased, the receiver (the learner, who was out of the sight of the teacher) responded with distressed reactions. However, the teacher was encouraged, even demanded, to continue the experiment, even though he believed the learner was experiencing extreme distress. The question was, to what extent normal people would obey the instructions of the authority figure and administer harmful levels of shock to harm another individual. Milgrams results showed that a full 65% of all participants administered every level of shock, surpassing levels believed to do fatal harm to subjects. Milgrams findings have been replicated with consistent results. Why did they obey? Milgram offered the following explanations: (a) they had entered into a contract with the experimenter and did not wish to spoil the experiment; (b) they were absorbed in the experiment and lost sight of the implications of their actions; (c) the participants are acting for the experimenter; they may be pushing the buttons, but they are not responsible, the experimenter is. Notice these are all situational explanations; participants were put into a powerful role relationship with the experimenter. However, when the experimenter was not visible, or another participant played the role of the experimenter, obedience rates decreased, but did not fall to zero, indicating the role relationship did not fully account for their obedience. Milgrams research remains some of the most intriguing and influential in social psychology. Minority Influence Moscovicis (1976) book Social Influence and Social Change, he argues that minorities can create conflict by offering a different perspective, thereby challenging the dominant or majority view. Moscovici claims that people trying to avoid conflict may dismiss the minority position, and possibly denigrate it. However, when the minority demonstrates commitment to their position, the majority may consider the minority view as a viable alternative. He called this the minoritys behavioral style–meaning the way the message is organized and communicated. By standing up to the majority, the minority demonstrates that it is certain, confident, committed, and not easily persuaded. Researchers have compared majority and minority influence. Conversion theory is the dominant perspective and argues that all forms of influence, whether minority or majority, create conflict that individuals are motivated to reduce. However, people employ different processes depending on whether the conflict is the result of majority influence or minority influence. Comparison process suggests that people focus attention on fitting in, or complying with what others say. Their goal is to identify with the group and comply with the majority position, often times without examining the majoritys arguments in detail. Social comparison can drive majority influence, but cannot motivate minority influence, according to Moscovici (1976), because people desire to disassociate themselves with undesirable groups. Because minority groups tend to be distinctive, they stand out, and this encourages a validation process where some examine the judgments in order to confirm or validate them–to see what it is the minority saw or to understand the minoritys view. This process can lead to increased message processing which results in an attitude change on an indirect, latent, or private level. Convergent-divergent theory is proposed by Nemeth (1986) and simply states that people expect to share the same attitude as the majority and to differ from the minority (the false-consensus heuristic). Stress is the result of realizing that the majority has a different perspective than oneself, especially if one is in the physical presence of the majority. Stress narrows ones attention and majority influence, and then leads to convergent thinking. Minorities, on the other hand, do not cause high levels of stress, since they hold different views, which allows for less restricted focus of attention and leads to a greater consideration of alternatives that may not have been considered without the influence of the minority view. This results in creative and original solutions. Other theories that integrate minority and majority influence include mathematical models, objective-consensus models, conflict-elaboration theory, context/comparison model, and self-categorization theory. More contemporary models include social-cognitive responses with an emphasis on information-processing such as the elaboration likelihood model and the heuristic systematic model we discussed in an earlier chapter. New research continues to develop. Conclusion This module reviewed social psychological research that has made great contributions to the understanding of human behavior. Early research (e. g. , Triplett, 1898; Zajonc, 1965) led to the beginning of the relatively new field of social psychology.

Driving While on The Phone Essay -- Driving Texting

As technology advances, people become notorious for using their electronics in inappropriate situations. Teenagers in present day commonly text at the dinner table, while crossing a street, and even while driving. Not only do teenagers text, their parents do, as well. Texting is a frequent fad among the young adults, it also a convenient method for parents to keep in contact with their children. People nowadays have to be in contact with friends and family at every moment of the day especially while driving it is the equivalent of driving under the influence, using hand-held devices (like Bluetooth) will decrease the number of accidents caused by phones, and studies show texting reduces a persons reaction time. Recent studies demonstrate texting while driving is similar to having a 0.08 alcohol limit. Christine Noble is the city of Peoria Claims Coordinator and her job is to handle all the accidents claims against the City of Peoria. As part of her job, she investigates and determines the causes of auto accidents involving City vehicles. Ms. Noble can recollect at least six accidents this year that are caused by distracted drivers on their cell phones, while operating a vehicle. â€Å"The fact is that mobile phone use reduces reaction time by 35 percent, effectively making you a drunk driver, even when using a hands-free kit. And texting while driving is even worse with every second spent texting doubling your chances of crashing, dramatically reducing steering control and awareness of hazards.† (â€Å"Great Choice Car Insurance†) If being a drunk driver is illegal, why is not texting while operating a vehicle? In September 2008, 25 people, including the driver, died in a Los Angeles commuter rail disaster caused by t... ...tate Highway Patrol Statistics. NBC News 3. Web. 2 Dec. 2010 "Mobile Phone Use Equal to Drunk Driving." Great Choice Car Insurance. Insure 247 Great Choice, 10/06/2010. Web. 2 Dec 2010. American Psychological Association. "Drivers Distracted More By Cell Phones Than By Passengers." ScienceDaily http://www.sciencedaily.com ¬ 1 December 2008. â€Å"Editorial: Ban on texting will make roads safer† Sheyboygan Press. 30 November 2010. The White House, Presidential Proclamation—National Impaired Driving Prevention Month. Office of the Press Secretary, 1 December 2010 Distracted Driving. Stats and Facts. United States Department of Transportation http://www.distraction.gov 3 December 2010 â€Å"Mobile Phone Use equivalent to Drunk Driving.† Royal Automobile Club of Rick Reitzel Queensland. 18 May 2010

Biological Psychology Essay

In book one chapter 4, it is suggested that there is a special brain region for the recognition faces, to what extend does the evidence in book 4,chapter 2 support this? Explain how the evidence shows that it would be an over simplification to assume that functional organisation of the brain is entirely genetically determined. In your answer state what other factor is more likely to be involved. (No more than 300words) Face recognition is an important specific function of human brain. Moreover, face recognition reflects the specialization nature of human brain. The efficient processing of visual stimuli finally leads to face recognition. Brain contains fast and dedicated circuits to perform relevant computations required for face recognition. Kanwisher and associates invented fusiform face area (FFA) as potential brain centre for face recognition. The improved versions of the brain image scanning proved that FFA is solely responsible for face recognition. It extracts configural information about faces rather than processing spatial information on the parts of faces. If the FFA is damaged due to injuries to the human brain, the affected patient cannot recognise the faces of even closest people or family members. However, most recent experiments suggest that FFA is also responsible for recognition of other body parts along with the face. As brain is powerful than a digital camera, at very high scanning resolution processed at this portion, the two separate sub parts will have specialized functions for recognition of face and other body parts. FFA is highly believed to be specialized region for face processing. This also reflects the fine grain structure of human brain and the relevance of recent digital scanning image techniques with high resolution power. Though the recent schools of thought came up with the linkage of several factors to the face recognition process, earlier there was a strong feeling that it was solely decided by the genetic factors. The role of transduction i. e. the conversion of physical stimuli to neural actions and receptor potential and action potential is very significant in image processing and face recognition. The photoreceptors convert the light energy to neural images. In this way there was over simplification of genetic basis of functional organization of human brain. (293 words). B) To what extent does the evidence from studies of the FFA support the idea that neural correlate of visual consciousness can be related to the FFA? ( Answer no more than 220words) It is highly proved that the neural correlate of visual consciousness is primarily responsible for the fusiform face area and face recognition. The fine grain structure of the brain facilitates visual consciousness of several neurons. Face recognition comprises of three stages. These stages have linkage to specific regions of the brain. It was found that the inferior occipital gyrus was particularly sensitive to slight physical changes in faces. Similarly, the right fusiform gyrus (RFG), and the anterior temporal gyrus (ATC), are believed to have connection with th neural processing of visual consciousness and face recoggnition. The sequence of flow of transmission from receptor potential to action potential also supports the link between neural correllate of visual consciousness and FFA. At the same time, the role of photoreceptors in conversion of light energyy to neural image and retinal processing in the form of retinal ganglion cells contribute for the neural correlate of the visual consciousness which in turn is related to the FFA. The retinal ganglion cells have steady firing rate when visual stimulation is absent where as they exhibit alterations in firing rate durig visual stimulation. This also plays significant role in link between FFA and neural correlate of visual consciousness. (201 words). Question 2 This question relates to the material in book 4 chapter 1,2 and 3 A) State four factors that contributes to the response time of neuronal pathways, giving an explanation for each factor. Give an example of how one of these factors affects speed of transmission in the visual system (Answer no more than 200 words) In cases of FOK i. e. â€Å"feeling of knowing† the people will have a feeling that they know about a particular face but their brain doesn’t make them to recognise. It becomes very common with aging of human beings. The difference in response times of neronal pathways is affected by these factors. It was found that the medial prefrontal cortex exhibited activity during the FOK state, but not when the subjects either knew or did not know a face. Possibly this reflects a state in which subjects were evaluating the correctness of retrieved information. Additionally, the anterior cingulate area became activated both in the FOK state and when subjects successfully retrieved a name but with some effort. The anterior cingulate area is associated with cognitive conflict processes which allow a person to detect errors in automatic behavior responses. During the recall of personal episodic memories frontal lobes involved in self-awareness and visual memory are actvely engaged . (156 words). B) With the reference to book 4, p. 51 figure 2. 2 identify a location and role for each following: i) receptor potential ii)synaptic potential iii)action potential, giving the main characteristics of each (Answer no more than 250words). Neurons, in general, maintain an electric potential difference across their external membrane. It is caused by a differential distribution of electric charges across the membrane of the cell, living the inside of the cell membrane negative in comparison to the outside. The value of the membrane potential in a given nerve cell may vary from -40 to -80 in different nerve cells. In this process, neurons and muscle cells, can serve as a signaling mechanism. This also results in an input signal which is known as synaptic potential. Receptor potential is also synonymous with synaptic potential. The excitatory potential is known as receptor potential. Similarly, an integrative signal, occurs mainly at the initial segment of the axon and the axon hillock. A conductive signal is also known as action potential and an output signal is positioned at the synaptic terminal. During the process of stretching, the duration and amplitude of sensory stimulus decides the duration and stimulus of receptor potential. The receptor potential will get converted to action potential at the trigger zone. The amplitude and duration of receptor potential decides the number and frequency of action potential. Action potential is nothing but the output signal of the neuron. The frequency and pattern potential firing will have remarkable impact on quantity of neurotransmitter released at the action terminal points. (219 words). C) The retinal ganglion cells in book 4 figure 2. 2 p. 51 have input from different types of chemical synapse. One of these cells is depicted schematically in figure 2. 3a. Explain how the input differ in their effects and how these different effects are produced . ( Answer no more than 200 words). As depicted in Book 4 Figure 2. 2, the retinal ganglion cells of human eye receive different forms of chemical synapse. They receive input from photo receptor cells like rods and cones, outer plexiform layers, inner plexiform layers, amacrine cells, bipolar cells and horizontal cells. In Figure 2. 3 a, the role of photoreceptors in supplying chemical synapse to retinal ganglion cells is depicted well. Different types of retinal ganglion cells encode different visual stimuli. The difference in visual stimulus is resulted by the type of receptor from which chemical synapse is received and the way in which these inputs are wired together. In the region of lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of thalamus, these retinal ganglion cells synapse. There are six layers of neurons in LGN and they receive input from one eye only. They comprise of two ventral layers called magnocellular layers and four dorsal layers known as parvocellular layers receiving different inputs. The retinal ganglion cells form the optic nerve in human eye. (163 words). D) Outline two types of neural network that you might find in the visual system and state the advantage of each (Answer no more than 100words). Two prominent types of neural net works present in human visual system are magnocellular neural pathway and parvocellular neural pathway. They are also known as M channel and P channels respectively. Magnocellular pathway takes care of ventral portion and parvocellular pathway covers the dorsal portion receiving different inputs resulting in different visual effects. They end in lateral geniculate nucleus, visual cortex and visual chiasma. The advantage of magnocellular pathway is that it connects the 1st and 2nd layers of LGN. Similarly, the parvocellular pathway connects 3rd, 4th , 5th , and 6th layers of LGN. (95 words).

Essay Positivists - 1421 Words

Positivists believe that we can gain true and objective knowledge of reality by applying methods of natural sciences in sociology . For them, reality exists independently of the human mind and nature is made up of objective, observable, physical facts that are external to our minds. They believe that like matter, humans are directed by an external stimuli-the society-and they act accordingly (example: functionalism, Marxism). By analyzing quantitative data, positivists simply seek to discover laws of cause and effect that determine human behavior. One of the first positivists, August Comte was confident that scientific knowledge about society could be accumulated and used to improve human existence. Adding to Comte, Durkheim argued that†¦show more content†¦Mead argues responding automatically to external stimuli humans interpret the meaning of stimulus and then choose how to respond to it. Thus Interpretivist argues individuals are not puppets manipulated by social facts bu t they are autonomous and construct their social world by meanings they give to it. The job of the sociologist is to uncover those meanings. Interpretivists reject the methods of natural science. They argue to discover meanings people give to their actions we need to see the world from their viewpoint. This involves abandoning objectivity of positivists. We must put ourselves in the place of the actor using what Weber calls verstehen. Thus they favour the use of qualitative methods and data such as participant observation. These methods produce in depth and valid data and give the sociologist a subjective understanding of the actor’s meanings. All interpretivists seek to understand actors meanings, however divided whether or not we can combine this understanding with positivist style casual explanation of human behaviour. Interactionists argue we can have casual explanations. However they reject the positivist view that we should have a definite hypothesis before we start our research. Phenomenologist’s and ethno methodologists such as Garfinkel reject causal explanations of human behaviour. They take an anti structuralism view arguing society isn’t a real thing out there governing ourShow MoreRelatedPositivism : The Positivist Approach1629 Words   |  7 PagesPositivism/ Managerialism: One of the most, if not the most, mainstream approach to organizational study in understanding organizations is the positivist approach. The premise of positivists’ argument is that only an objective, quantitative research into organizations can provide a clear understanding, as they believe there exists an organizational reality that is detached from organization theory and actors. As Grey (2013) puts it, positivism is categorizing itself as a science similar to naturalRead MoreThe Positivist Post-Positivist Paradigm: Understanding the Social World of the Indigenous People1296 Words   |  6 PagesThe positivist-post-positivist paradigm is the most appropriate paradigm for research regarding the subject matter of Northern Frontier, Northern Homeland by Thomas Berger (1988). This paradigm states that social science research pushes towards western cultures causing other regions to adapt to western ideas. According to Travers (2010), â€Å"[t]he physical and the social science s are products of western culture in a specific historical moment. [s]cience is a modern phenomenon, emerging in step withRead MorePositivist And Indigenous Research Paradigm Essay851 Words   |  4 PagesPositivist and Indigenous Research Paradigm In this research entry, I will compare the positivist and Indigenous research paradigms. 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